Pascal's Triangle

Binomial expansion

${\begin{aligned}(a+b)^{0}&=1\\(a+b)^{1}&=a+b\\(a+b)^{2}&=a^{2}+2ab+b^{2}\\(a+b)^{3}&=(a+b)(a+b)^{2}=(a+b)(a^{2}+2ab+b^{2})\\&=a^{3}+2a^{2}b+ab^{2}+ba^{2}+2ab^{2}+b^{3}\\&=a^{3}+3a^{2}b+3ab^{2}+b^{3}\\(a+b)^{4}&=\cdots \end{aligned}}$

Pascal's triangle

Pascal's Triangle

The coefficients of binomial expansion can be easily seen from the Pascal triangle. The number is a sum of the two numbers above it.

Pascal's triangle: Negative right

This can be extended to negative numbers easily.

Pascal triangle extended to negative values

Now, instead of expanding $(a+b)^{n}$, we will use $(1+x)^{n}$, where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle n} is a negative integer. The exponent of each terms grows when going to left. We get according to the Pascal triangle

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} (1+x)^{-1} &= 1 - x + x^2 - x^3 + \cdots \\ (1+x)^{-2} &= 1 - 2x + 3x^2 - 4x^3 + \cdots \\ (1+x)^{-3} &= 1 - 3x + 6x^2 - \cdots \end{align} }

And by Taylor series (expansion at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x=-1} Laurent series) we get

• https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=series%28+%281%2Bx%29%5E%28-1%29+%29
• https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=series%28+%281%2Bx%29%5E%28-2%29+%29
• https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=series%28+%281%2Bx%29%5E%28-3%29+%29

Pascal's triangle: Negative left

The triangle can be extended to the left also.