Brachistochrone

Introduction

To find the shape of the curve which the time is shortest possible. . .

Theory

The time from $P_{a}$ to $P_{b}$ is $t=\int _{P_{a}}^{P_{b}}{\frac {1}{v}}ds$ where $ds={\sqrt {1+y'{^{2}}}}dx$ is the Pythagorean distance measure and $v$ is determined from the the law of conservation of energy ${\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}=mgy$. giving $v={\sqrt {2gy}}$. Plugging these in, we get $t=\int _{P_{a}}^{P_{b}}{\sqrt {\frac {1+y'^{2}}{2gy}}}dx=\int _{P_{a}}^{P_{b}}fdx$, where $f=f(y,y')$ is the function subject to variational consideration.

According to the Euler--Lagrange differential equation the stationary value is to be found, if E-L equation ${\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}-{\frac {d}{dx}}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}=0$ is satisfied.

No Friction

We get ${\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial y'}}{\sqrt {\frac {1+y'^{2}}{2gy}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2gy}}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial y'}}{\sqrt {1+y'^{2}}}={\frac {2y'}{\sqrt {2gy}}}{\frac {1}{2{\sqrt {1+y'^{2}}}}}$. Since $f$ does not depend on $x$, we may use the simplified E--L formula $f-y'{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}={\text{Constant}}$.

Thus, we have $f-y'{\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}={\sqrt {\frac {1+y'{^{2}}}{2gy}}}-{\frac {y'{^{2}}}{{\sqrt {2gy}}{\sqrt {1+y'^{2}}}}}=C$ So we have ${\frac {1+y'{^{2}}}{\sqrt {2gy(1+y'{^{2}})}}}-{\frac {y'{^{2}}}{{\sqrt {2gy}}{\sqrt {1+y'^{2}}}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2gy(1+y'{^{2}})}}}=C$ and multiplying this with the denominator and rearring, we have Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle y\left( 1 + y'^{2}\right) = \frac1{2gC^2} = k^2 } by redefining the constant. The standard solution to this equation is given by

${\begin{aligned}x&={\frac {1}{2}}k^{2}(\theta -\sin \theta )\\y&={\frac {1}{2}}k^{2}(1-\cos \theta )\end{aligned}}$

and is the equation of a cycloid.

References

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/BrachistochroneProblem.html

https://physicscourses.colorado.edu/phys3210/phys3210_sp20/lecture/lec04-lagrangian-mechanics/