Generate pwm using ic 555

Introduction

IC 555

IC 555 is an astable multivibrator (oscillator).

Frequency: The ON time is defined by the time taken to its capacitor to charge to 2/3 (1/e??) level through pin7 resistor, and the OFF time is the discharging time of the capacitor through pin7, 1/3.

Theory

${\begin{aligned}T_{\text{on}}&=0.693(R_{1}+R_{2})C\\T_{\text{off}}&=0.693R_{2}C\\f&={\frac {1.44}{(R_{1}+2R_{2})C}}\end{aligned}}$

The $R_{1}$ resistance is much smaller than the resistance of the potentiometer, for example, 1K compared to 100K of the potentiometer. In that way we have 99% control over the charging and discharging resistance in the circuit. See https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/175967/how-do-i-use-pin5-to-control-duty-cycle-of-a-555-based-pwm

The output of the 555 timer can source a current of 200mA to the load.

• Use MOSFET (eg TIP122 Darlington transistor; 5A) for driving the motor.

To obtain a zero percent (0%) duty cycle, the oscillator need to stop oscillating. One option is to use a parallel resistor to use some of the current.

Method 1; the simple

The capacitor is charging through $R_{1}$ and $R_{2}$ but discharges only through $R_{2}$ using IC 555. Thus $R_{2}$ should be a potentiometer.

The $0.01\mu$F capacitor is to ensure that the CTRL and GND stays on the same voltage level. The CTRL pin of the 555 is to level out any fluctuations in the power supply voltage that might affect the operation.

${\begin{aligned}T_{\text{on}}&=0.693(R_{1}+R_{2})C\\T_{\text{off}}&=0.693R_{2}C\\f&={\frac {1.44}{(R_{1}+2R_{2})C}}\end{aligned}}$

Method 2: with diodes

The diodes are used for direction control and protection of the circuit.

555 internal design and theory

See https://www.electronicshub.org/555-timer-pwm/

and the internal circuit looks like below:

References

https://www.homemade-circuits.com/how-to-use-ic-555-for-generating-pwm/

https://www.electronicshub.org/555-timer-pwm/